The Effects of Child Sexual Abuse on Males

http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/male.html

Are males less harmed by sexual abuse as some people suggest? The following information helps shed light on how abuse effects boys.

• Research Examining the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse on Men

• On-line Resources on Victimization of Males

• Books about the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse on Men

Research Examining the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse on Men

Chandy, J. M., Blum, R. W., & Resnick, M. D. (1996). Gender-specific outcomes for sexually abused adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect , 20 , 1219-1231.
ABSTRACT:  This study examined the gender differences in outcomes related to school performance, suicidal involvement, disordered eating behaviors, sexual risk taking, substance use, and delinquent behaviors of male (n = 370) and female teenagers (n = 2,681) who self-reported a history of sexual abuse.
It was found that female adolescents, by and large, engaged in internalizing behaviors and males in externalizing behaviors. Male adolescents were found to be at higher risk than females in poor school performance, delinquent activities, and sexual risk taking. Female adolescents, on the other hand, showed higher risk for suicidal ideation and behavior as well as disordered eating. Females showed more frequent use of alcohol. However, male adolescents exhibited more extreme use of alcohol and more frequent and extreme use of marijuana. Among index female adolescents, protective factors against adverse correlates included a higher emotional attachment to family, being religious or spiritual, presence of both parents at home, and a perception of overall health. Factors that augmented adverse correlates for them included a stressful school environment due to perceived high levels of substance use in and around school, worry of sexual abuse, maternal alcohol consumption, and physical abuse. For male adolescents, maternal education and parental concern appeared to be protective factors.
Dykman, R. A., McPherson, B., Ackerman, P. T., Newton , J. E., Mooney, D. M., Wherry, J., & Chaffin, M. (1997). Internalizing and externalizing characteristics of sexually and/or physically abused children. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 32 , 62-74.
ABSTRACT: This study evaluates the behavioral consequences of childhood abuse (sexual,  physical, or both), with particular focus on prevalence of post-traumatic stress  disorder (PTSD). Three abuse type groups and nonabused controls were contrasted  on behavioral rating scales and on structured psychiatric interview data. The  participants (109 abused children and 16 normal control children) were recruited from Arkansas Children's Hospital and local agencies for abused children. As  expected, proportionately more females than males were sexually abused.
Overall,  males were rated as more disturbed than females. Type of abuse did not  consistently influence behavioral ratings. Externalizing scores were significantly higher than internalizing scores in all abused groups. PTSD was diagnosed in 50% of the abused children, with a higher rate for boys who had  been sexually abused as opposed to physically abused only (58% versus 13%). The most frequent comorbid condition with PTSD was Separation Anxiety. Sexually abused boys were hospitalized for psychiatric treatment at a higher rate than were other abused children.
Garnefski, N., & Arends, E. (1998). Sexual abuse and adolescent maladjustment: Differences between male and female victims. Journal of Adolescenc e, 21, 99-107. Full text (PDF)
ABSTRACT:  In this study data from a large representative community sample of adolescents were analysed to investigate the relationship between a history of sexual abuse and adolescent functioning. Emotional problems, behavioural problems, suicidal thoughts and behaviour of boys and girls with a history of sexual abuse were compared to those in a matched control group of boys and girls without such a history.
Both sexually abused boys and girls reported significantly more emotional problems, behavioural problems, suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts than their non-abused counterparts. The results also indicated that the experience of sexual abuse carried far more consequences for boys than for girls regarding the use of alcohol, aggressive/criminal behaviour, use of drugs, and the amount of truancy, as well as regarding suicidal thoughts and behaviour. For example, whereas 2.6% of the non-abused boys reported a former suicide attempt, this percentage was 13 times higher for the sexually abused boys (26.5%).
The results of this paper lend support to the call for further research investigating gender differences in response to sexual abuse. 
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